Using PPP networking under Linux

James Carlson | 1 Jun 2010 17:10

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

arun b wrote:
> All,
> How to we test PPPoA using pppd deemon...
> I mean to understand the remote-server setup ?
> what devie has the pppoa server and  how is the iintial hannd shake ?
>  does this go with sequence of PADI, PADO,PADS .....etc... sequec?

Are you looking for PPPoA or PPPoE?  What hardware do you have?

PPP over ATM just uses ATM-related drivers and runs regular PPP.

PPPoE is quite different.  It runs over Ethernet and uses a separate
protocol to set up the point-to-point virtual link.  The messages you're
referring to (PADI, and so on) are parts of the PPPoE protocol.

--

-- 
James Carlson         42.703N 71.076W         <carlsonj <at> workingcode.com>
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arun b | 2 Jun 2010 09:46

Picon

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

On Tue, Jun 1, 2010 at 8:40 PM, James Carlson <carlsonj <at> workingcode.com> wrote:
> arun b wrote:
>> All,
>> How to we test PPPoA using pppd deemon...
>> I mean to understand the remote-server setup ?
>> what devie has the pppoa server and  how is the iintial hannd shake ?
>>  does this go with sequence of PADI, PADO,PADS .....etc... sequec?
>
> Are you looking for PPPoA or PPPoE?  What hardware do you have?
>
> PPP over ATM just uses ATM-related drivers and runs regular PPP.
>
> PPPoE is quite different.  It runs over Ethernet and uses a separate
> protocol to set up the point-to-point virtual link.  The messages you're
> referring to (PADI, and so on) are parts of the PPPoE protocol.
>
> --

Hi James,
Thanks for the info ..
Well I am looking for PPPoA explicitly, which basically uses
pppoatm.ko-driver module and pppoatm.so-lib along with pppd-deamon.
As explained above is being my client setup which I execute on, Now my
trouble/doubts is How/where to run PPPoA-server and on what device, Is
there a standard device/software available (Such as DSLAM, ISAM..etc).
Which can respond to the PPPoA-client (linux-box) packet and establish
the ppp-interface.

Pls do let me know any possible info related to this. Secondly also
any means of server configuration details.

(Continue reading)

James Chapman | 2 Jun 2010 11:26

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

arun b wrote:
> On Tue, Jun 1, 2010 at 8:40 PM, James Carlson <carlsonj <at> workingcode.com> wrote:
>> arun b wrote:
>>> All,
>>> How to we test PPPoA using pppd deemon...
>>> I mean to understand the remote-server setup ?
>>> what devie has the pppoa server and  how is the iintial hannd shake ?
>>>  does this go with sequence of PADI, PADO,PADS .....etc... sequec?
>> Are you looking for PPPoA or PPPoE?  What hardware do you have?
>>
>> PPP over ATM just uses ATM-related drivers and runs regular PPP.
>>
>> PPPoE is quite different.  It runs over Ethernet and uses a separate
>> protocol to set up the point-to-point virtual link.  The messages you're
>> referring to (PADI, and so on) are parts of the PPPoE protocol.
>>
>> --
> 
> Hi James,
> Thanks for the info ..
> Well I am looking for PPPoA explicitly, which basically uses
> pppoatm.ko-driver module and pppoatm.so-lib along with pppd-deamon.
> As explained above is being my client setup which I execute on, Now my
> trouble/doubts is How/where to run PPPoA-server and on what device, Is
> there a standard device/software available (Such as DSLAM, ISAM..etc).
> Which can respond to the PPPoA-client (linux-box) packet and establish
> the ppp-interface.

As James said previously, for PPPoA there is no additional setup
protocol, so there is no PPPoA server. You just start pppd with

(Continue reading)

James Carlson | 2 Jun 2010 12:57

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

On 06/02/10 05:26, James Chapman wrote:
> starts a pppd instance on ATM VPI 0, VCI 80 and assigns IP 192.168.1.1
> to the local interface and 192.168.1.2 to the peer when the PPPoA peer
> connects on VPI 0, VCI 80. If you are building a DSLAM-like box which
> accepts connections from many PPPoA clients, you will need to start a
> pppd instance for every possible ATM VPI/VCI that clients might use...

That's one possibility.  Another would be having UNI Q.2931 signaling
set up the virtual circuit for you, and launching pppd based on the
signaling.

I don't think the existing implementation includes the bits required to
do that.  You'd have to write it yourself.  And it (obviously) depends
on what sort of connection you have to the network.

>> Well I coated this (PADI, PADO,...) because, wanted to know does PPPoA
>> also follows these message sequence or it has new set of sequence ?
> 
> No, they are for PPPoE.

The closest equivalent to those messages I can imagine would be the ATM
signaling mechanism referenced above.

But I think it's probably time to take a step back and ask the obvious
question: can you tell us what you've got (in terms of hardware,
software, and operational environment) and what you're trying to do (in
as much high-level detail as possible)?

--

-- 
James Carlson         42.703N 71.076W         <carlsonj <at> workingcode.com>

(Continue reading)

arun b | 2 Jun 2010 15:09

Picon

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

On Wed, Jun 2, 2010 at 4:27 PM, James Carlson <carlsonj <at> workingcode.com> wrote:
> On 06/02/10 05:26, James Chapman wrote:
>> starts a pppd instance on ATM VPI 0, VCI 80 and assigns IP 192.168.1.1
>> to the local interface and 192.168.1.2 to the peer when the PPPoA peer
>> connects on VPI 0, VCI 80. If you are building a DSLAM-like box which
>> accepts connections from many PPPoA clients, you will need to start a
>> pppd instance for every possible ATM VPI/VCI that clients might use...
>
> That's one possibility.  Another would be having UNI Q.2931 signaling
> set up the virtual circuit for you, and launching pppd based on the
> signaling.
>
> I don't think the existing implementation includes the bits required to
> do that.  You'd have to write it yourself.  And it (obviously) depends
> on what sort of connection you have to the network.
>
>>> Well I coated this (PADI, PADO,...) because, wanted to know does PPPoA
>>> also follows these message sequence or it has new set of sequence ?
>>
>> No, they are for PPPoE.
>
> The closest equivalent to those messages I can imagine would be the ATM
> signaling mechanism referenced above.
>
> But I think it's probably time to take a step back and ask the obvious
> question: can you tell us what you've got (in terms of hardware,
> software, and operational environment) and what you're trying to do (in
> as much high-level detail as possible)?
>
> --

(Continue reading)

arun b | 2 Jun 2010 15:46

Picon

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

On Wed, Jun 2, 2010 at 6:39 PM, arun b <arun.s.bailur <at> gmail.com> wrote:
> On Wed, Jun 2, 2010 at 4:27 PM, James Carlson <carlsonj <at> workingcode.com> wrote:
>> On 06/02/10 05:26, James Chapman wrote:
>>> starts a pppd instance on ATM VPI 0, VCI 80 and assigns IP 192.168.1.1
>>> to the local interface and 192.168.1.2 to the peer when the PPPoA peer
>>> connects on VPI 0, VCI 80. If you are building a DSLAM-like box which
>>> accepts connections from many PPPoA clients, you will need to start a
>>> pppd instance for every possible ATM VPI/VCI that clients might use...
>>
>> That's one possibility.  Another would be having UNI Q.2931 signaling
>> set up the virtual circuit for you, and launching pppd based on the
>> signaling.
>>
>> I don't think the existing implementation includes the bits required to
>> do that.  You'd have to write it yourself.  And it (obviously) depends
>> on what sort of connection you have to the network.
>>
>>>> Well I coated this (PADI, PADO,...) because, wanted to know does PPPoA
>>>> also follows these message sequence or it has new set of sequence ?
>>>
>>> No, they are for PPPoE.
>>
>> The closest equivalent to those messages I can imagine would be the ATM
>> signaling mechanism referenced above.
>>
>> But I think it's probably time to take a step back and ask the obvious
>> question: can you tell us what you've got (in terms of hardware,
>> software, and operational environment) and what you're trying to do (in
>> as much high-level detail as possible)?
>>

(Continue reading)

James Carlson | 2 Jun 2010 16:26

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

arun b wrote:
> On Wed, Jun 2, 2010 at 4:27 PM, James Carlson <carlsonj <at> workingcode.com> wrote:
>> But I think it's probably time to take a step back and ask the obvious
>> question: can you tell us what you've got (in terms of hardware,
>> software, and operational environment) and what you're trying to do (in
>> as much high-level detail as possible)?
> 
> NO I am not building it for Dslam-box. well I want to run PPPoA server
> at remote side device where ATM path terminates.
> I am executing this is   "pppd plugin pppoatm.so 0.80
> 192.168.1.1:192.168.1.2 passive"  on my client(linux-box).

"passive" is a slightly surprising option to see on the "client" side of
the connection.  Are you sure that's what you want?  And are you sure
that 0.80 are the right VPI/VCI pair for the connection?

There are two broad classes of problems that show up here: either the
ATM link isn't working, or the PPP link on top is misconfigured.  What
do you actually see when you run pppd?  Have you tried running with the
"debug" option enabled?  What log messages are produced?

If pppd is timing out in LCP with "too many" Configure-Request messages,
then the likely culprit is the ATM configuration.  Otherwise, PPP might
be involved; possibly missing authentication or L3 address information.

>      |-| RJ-11 connector   "pppd plugin pppoatm.so 0.80
> 192.168.1.1:192.168.1.2 passive"

It should be obvious, but the connection between these two machines
_must_ be ATM, and _not_ Ethernet.

(Continue reading)

arun b | 2 Jun 2010 18:23

Picon

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

Hi,
Thanks for the info
First of all let me try to clear your confusion ..
1) at the client side as i already told you its linux-box and i am
running pppd (2.4)
ie. pppd plugin pppoatm.so 9.45 user xxxxxx password xxxxxx

now this box send LCP packets 10 times and the pppd terminates. as
there is no responder..
2) Now I need to  setup  responder (PPPoA-server i belive) my self
similar to  PPPoE-server in the case of pppoe test linuxPC.

so if you know about server  pls pass me the  info
Also we have alctel-iSAM which has only pppoa-relay and id doesnot
have server ......!

-Arun

On Wed, Jun 2, 2010 at 7:56 PM, James Carlson <carlsonj <at> workingcode.com> wrote:
> arun b wrote:
>> On Wed, Jun 2, 2010 at 4:27 PM, James Carlson <carlsonj <at> workingcode.com> wrote:
>>> But I think it's probably time to take a step back and ask the obvious
>>> question: can you tell us what you've got (in terms of hardware,
>>> software, and operational environment) and what you're trying to do (in
>>> as much high-level detail as possible)?
>>
>> NO I am not building it for Dslam-box. well I want to run PPPoA server
>> at remote side device where ATM path terminates.
>> I am executing this is   "pppd plugin pppoatm.so 0.80
>> 192.168.1.1:192.168.1.2 passive"  on my client(linux-box).

(Continue reading)

James Chapman | 2 Jun 2010 18:54

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

arun b wrote:
> Hi,
> Thanks for the info
> First of all let me try to clear your confusion ..
> 1) at the client side as i already told you its linux-box and i am
> running pppd (2.4)
> ie. pppd plugin pppoatm.so 9.45 user xxxxxx password xxxxxx
> 
> now this box send LCP packets 10 times and the pppd terminates. as
> there is no responder..
> 2) Now I need to  setup  responder (PPPoA-server i belive) my self
> similar to  PPPoE-server in the case of pppoe test linuxPC.
> 
> so if you know about server  pls pass me the  info

At the server

pppd plugin pppoatm.so 9.45 192.168.42.42:192.168.42.43 passive

Run this on the server before starting the client. Adjust IP addresses
as required.

> Also we have alctel-iSAM which has only pppoa-relay and id doesnot
> have server ......!

What is pppoa-relay? Are you confusing PPPoE and PPPoA?

What role does the Alcatel iSAM box play in your network? Is it between
the Linux PPPoA client and Linux PPPoA server? If so, how does it map
ingress/egress ATM VCs? Is it configured to pass the ATM traffic correctly?

(Continue reading)

arun b | 2 Jun 2010 19:29

Picon

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

Thank you for the quick response...

Ok I will have to check if the pppd is available in the remote (server
)device,
Now  the current availabel options for remote device are Alctel-ISAM
or Dslam-Dlink  where my ATM path  terminates.
let me verify this...

Again to clear the  confusion....
yes with above remote devices I have tested  for PPPoE on ATM
can i call this test as PPPoEoA  !!!!!

-Arun

On Wed, Jun 2, 2010 at 10:24 PM, James Chapman <jchapman <at> katalix.com> wrote:
> arun b wrote:
>> Hi,
>> Thanks for the info
>> First of all let me try to clear your confusion ..
>> 1) at the client side as i already told you its linux-box and i am
>> running pppd (2.4)
>> ie. pppd plugin pppoatm.so 9.45 user xxxxxx password xxxxxx
>>
>> now this box send LCP packets 10 times and the pppd terminates. as
>> there is no responder..
>> 2) Now I need to  setup  responder (PPPoA-server i belive) my self
>> similar to  PPPoE-server in the case of pppoe test linuxPC.
>>
>> so if you know about server  pls pass me the  info
>

(Continue reading)

James Chapman | 2 Jun 2010 19:41

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

arun b wrote:
> Thank you for the quick response...
> 
> Ok I will have to check if the pppd is available in the remote (server
> )device,
> Now  the current availabel options for remote device are Alctel-ISAM
> or Dslam-Dlink  where my ATM path  terminates.
> let me verify this...

Oh, I assumed your server was a Linux box with pppd etc. If not, we
won't be able to help you with server config here.

> Again to clear the  confusion....
> yes with above remote devices I have tested  for PPPoE on ATM
> can i call this test as PPPoEoA  !!!!!

Perhaps you mean PPPoE over an RFC1483 bridged encap ATM link? And now
you're trying to get PPP working over a VC-muxed ATM connection.

> 
> -Arun
> 
> 
> 
> On Wed, Jun 2, 2010 at 10:24 PM, James Chapman <jchapman <at> katalix.com> wrote:
>> arun b wrote:
>>> Hi,
>>> Thanks for the info
>>> First of all let me try to clear your confusion ..
>>> 1) at the client side as i already told you its linux-box and i am

(Continue reading)

arun b | 2 Jun 2010 19:54

Picon

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

Well my ultimate aim is to test my client (linux-box ) i need
responder  i don't care what it is as long as it responds ...

NOw just thought came to me that,  what if i use 2 of linux-box one as
server and other as client ...
i don't know how to configure VCI/VPI on my server ..
thses values where 9.45  as this are confiugred in our by the admin DSLAM/ ISAM.

pls know me if it can be configured.

-Arun

On Wed, Jun 2, 2010 at 11:11 PM, James Chapman <jchapman <at> katalix.com> wrote:
> arun b wrote:
>> Thank you for the quick response...
>>
>> Ok I will have to check if the pppd is available in the remote (server
>> )device,
>> Now  the current availabel options for remote device are Alctel-ISAM
>> or Dslam-Dlink  where my ATM path  terminates.
>> let me verify this...
>
> Oh, I assumed your server was a Linux box with pppd etc. If not, we
> won't be able to help you with server config here.
>
>> Again to clear the  confusion....
>> yes with above remote devices I have tested  for PPPoE on ATM
>> can i call this test as PPPoEoA  !!!!!
>
> Perhaps you mean PPPoE over an RFC1483 bridged encap ATM link? And now

(Continue reading)

James Chapman | 2 Jun 2010 21:56

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

arun b wrote:
> Well my ultimate aim is to test my client (linux-box ) i need
> responder  i don't care what it is as long as it responds ...
> 
> NOw just thought came to me that,  what if i use 2 of linux-box one as
> server and other as client ...
> i don't know how to configure VCI/VPI on my server ..
> thses values where 9.45  as this are confiugred in our by the admin DSLAM/ ISAM.

What physical interface is used on the PPPoA client?

It sounds like your PPPoA client is a DSL modem. If not, ignore the
below. 

If the client is a DSL modem, you would need a DSL interface on the
Linux server box in order to connect them directly together. But you
can't use a regular DSL NIC at the server - the server and client sides
of a DSL link aren't the same - client is ATU-R and server is ATU-C. I
don't know of a DSL ATU-C NIC that Linux would be able to configure. So
you will probably have to use a DSLAM. Your best bet then is to have
your DSLAM box configured to terminate a PPPoA VC-muxed connection if it
has that capability. If not, configure the DSLAM to switch the ATM (PPP)
traffic from the DSL ingress interface to a regular ATM (fibre / coax)
uplink which goes to a Linux server equipped with a compatible ATM NIC
and run pppd there as previously described. There are many variants of
ATM physical interface (coax, single-mode fibre, multi-mode fibre,
25Mbps, 155Mbps etc), so you would need to use whatever your DSLAM boxes
have as their ATM uplink. In any case, you will need to configure your
DSLAM to match the client setup - bridged PPPoE, VC-muxed PPPoA or
perhaps even LLC-muxed PPPoA.

(Continue reading)

arun b | 3 Jun 2010 09:44

Picon

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

Hi,

Ans to Question: Yes my box has DSL interface. (h/w connecter is a RJ11).

Now I have 3 types of test setup to configure and verify..
1)DSLAM box configured to terminate a PPPoA VC-muxed connection if it
has that capability.
2)Configure the DSLAM to switch the ATM (PPP) traffic from the DSL
ingress interface to a regular ATM (fiber / coax) uplink which goes to
a Linux server equipped with a compatible ATM NIC
3) Connecting similar 2 linux boxes back over the DSL interface one is
Server(test device) other is client.

Below is the test (3) result(logs) and how I executed those..

AT Server:
==========
#pppd plugin pppoatm.so 8.35 192.168.42.42:192.168.42.43 passive
logfile ./log.txt

Arun: In PPP: start_link ,  FD = 7
Using interface ppp0
Connect: ppp0 <--> 8.35
LCP: timeout sending Config-Requests

AT Client:
==========
#pppd plugin pppoatm.so 8.35 user user1 password pass  debug  logfile ./log.txt
Arun: In PPP: start_link ,  FD = 7
using channel 1

(Continue reading)

James Chapman | 3 Jun 2010 11:21

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

arun b wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> Ans to Question: Yes my box has DSL interface. (h/w connecter is a RJ11).
> 
> Now I have 3 types of test setup to configure and verify..
> 1)DSLAM box configured to terminate a PPPoA VC-muxed connection if it
> has that capability.
> 2)Configure the DSLAM to switch the ATM (PPP) traffic from the DSL
> ingress interface to a regular ATM (fiber / coax) uplink which goes to
> a Linux server equipped with a compatible ATM NIC
> 3) Connecting similar 2 linux boxes back over the DSL interface one is
> Server(test device) other is client.
> 
> 
> Below is the test (3) result(logs) and how I executed those..
> 
> AT Server:
> ==========
> #pppd plugin pppoatm.so 8.35 192.168.42.42:192.168.42.43 passive
> logfile ./log.txt
> 
> Arun: In PPP: start_link ,  FD = 7
> Using interface ppp0
> Connect: ppp0 <--> 8.35
> LCP: timeout sending Config-Requests
> 
> AT Client:
> ==========
> #pppd plugin pppoatm.so 8.35 user user1 password pass  debug  logfile ./log.txt

(Continue reading)

arun b | 3 Jun 2010 15:02

Picon

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

Hi James,

Yes I am convinced with your schismatic-presentation, now I know what
exactly it need to run server.

And I would say,  it is not possible  for me to test PPPoA because.
1) As we neither have DSLAM with uplink is ATM path nor the built in
support for PPP, rather it has only Ethernet-uplink .
2) Also do not available of any  Linux-server which terminates the ATM-path.
So I will have  to explore the possibility, how can I arrange this...!

So one doubt again, Could you please name the know-standard-devices
(manufactures/makes) for Linux-server in the below diagram, which has
support of similar server-command mentioned by you in the previous
e-mail.

-Arun

On Thu, Jun 3, 2010 at 2:51 PM, James Chapman <jchapman <at> katalix.com> wrote:
> arun b wrote:
>> Hi,
>>
>> Ans to Question: Yes my box has DSL interface. (h/w connecter is a RJ11).
>>
>> Now I have 3 types of test setup to configure and verify..
>> 1)DSLAM box configured to terminate a PPPoA VC-muxed connection if it
>> has that capability.
>> 2)Configure the DSLAM to switch the ATM (PPP) traffic from the DSL
>> ingress interface to a regular ATM (fiber / coax) uplink which goes to
>> a Linux server equipped with a compatible ATM NIC

(Continue reading)

James Carlson | 3 Jun 2010 15:13

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

arun b wrote:
> Hi James,
> 
> Yes I am convinced with your schismatic-presentation, now I know what
> exactly it need to run server.
> 
> And I would say,  it is not possible  for me to test PPPoA because.
> 1) As we neither have DSLAM with uplink is ATM path nor the built in
> support for PPP, rather it has only Ethernet-uplink .

I assume that's what you meant by "RJ-11" in your previous postings.

For what it's worth, RJ-11 is typically used for Ethernet, but can also
be used for DS-1 and other signals.  It's just an electromechanical
connector, and saying you have "RJ-11" doesn't tell us much about what
sort of equipment you're using.  (Other than what it looks like ...)

> 2) Also do not available of any  Linux-server which terminates the ATM-path.
> So I will have  to explore the possibility, how can I arrange this...!
> 
> So one doubt again, Could you please name the know-standard-devices
> (manufactures/makes) for Linux-server in the below diagram, which has
> support of similar server-command mentioned by you in the previous
> e-mail.

As the other James mentioned, this really isn't the right list for that
sort of question, because it's not so related to PPP, and the people you
need aren't necessarily subscribed to this list.  You may need to do
some investigation on your own.

(Continue reading)

James Carlson | 2 Jun 2010 19:56

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

James Chapman wrote:
> arun b wrote:
>> Again to clear the  confusion....
>> yes with above remote devices I have tested  for PPPoE on ATM
>> can i call this test as PPPoEoA  !!!!!
> 
> Perhaps you mean PPPoE over an RFC1483 bridged encap ATM link? And now
> you're trying to get PPP working over a VC-muxed ATM connection.

You beat me to it.

It's important to note that these are *completely* different animals.
In the PPPoE with ATM case, the ATM link is really just bridging
Ethernet.  It doesn't really "know" that there's PPP traffic inside, as
it only "sees" Ethernet.

In fact, you can carry *normal* IP traffic over that same sort of
bridged ATM link without bothering to use PPPoE at all; some ADSL
providers in fact did just that -- though most were bitten by the PPPoE
bug, some were not.  It's even easier to do this, provides better
performance, and avoids the MTU hassles of PPPoE.

In the PPPoA case, the ATM link is carrying PPP frames.  The VC is
normally dedicated to just PPP in that instance.  There's no Ethernet
involved and thus no PPPoE.  (And a bit lower overhead than any of the
above schemes.)

Don't confuse the two of them.  Except for potentially using the same
raw hardware, they're quite different in terms of design.  For instance,
the ATM termination equipment in the bridged case is a "simple" Ethernet

(Continue reading)

arun b | 2 Jun 2010 20:08

Picon

Re: PPPoA server setup how to?

I totally agree with  your concept here..
well me being new bee in PPPworld just spent month time on this and
able to test couple of....

Now the PPPoA server is  the big-catch to me  and goingon. .... :)

-Arun

On Wed, Jun 2, 2010 at 11:26 PM, James Carlson <carlsonj <at> workingcode.com> wrote:
> James Chapman wrote:
>> arun b wrote:
>>> Again to clear the  confusion....
>>> yes with above remote devices I have tested  for PPPoE on ATM
>>> can i call this test as PPPoEoA  !!!!!
>>
>> Perhaps you mean PPPoE over an RFC1483 bridged encap ATM link? And now
>> you're trying to get PPP working over a VC-muxed ATM connection.
>
> You beat me to it.
>
> It's important to note that these are *completely* different animals.
> In the PPPoE with ATM case, the ATM link is really just bridging
> Ethernet.  It doesn't really "know" that there's PPP traffic inside, as
> it only "sees" Ethernet.
>
> In fact, you can carry *normal* IP traffic over that same sort of
> bridged ATM link without bothering to use PPPoE at all; some ADSL
> providers in fact did just that -- though most were bitten by the PPPoE
> bug, some were not.  It's even easier to do this, provides better
> performance, and avoids the MTU hassles of PPPoE.

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